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LADDER LOGIC INPUT

PLC inputs are easily represented in ladder logic In Figure 2.11 there are three types of inputs shown. The first two are normally open and normally closed inputs, discussed previously. The IIT (Immediate InpuT) function allows inputs to be read after the input scan, while the ladder logic is being scanned. This allows ladder logic to examine input values more often than once every cycle.

Ladder Logic

ladder logic  is the main programming method used for PLCs. As mentioned before, ladder logic has been developed to mimic relay logic. The decision to use the relay logic diagrams was a strategic one. By selecting ladder logic as the main programming method, the amount of retraining needed for engineers and tradespeople was greatly reduced.

Modern control systems still include relays, but these are rarely used for logic. A relay is a simple device that uses a magnetic field to control a switch, as pictured in Figure 2.1. When a voltage is applied to the input coil, the resulting current creates a magnetic field. The magnetic field pulls a metal switch (or reed) towards it and the contacts touch, closing the switch. The contact that closes when the coil is energized is called normally open. The normally closed contacts touch when the input coil is not energized. Relays are normally drawn in schematic form using a circle to represent the input coil. The output contacts are shown with two parallel lines. Normally open contacts are shown as two lines, and will be open (non-conducting) when the input is not energized. Normally closed contacts are shown with two lines with a diagonal line through them. When the input coil is not energized the normally closed contacts will be closed (conducting).

Relays are used to let one power source close a switch for another (often high current) power source, while keeping them isolated. An example of a relay in a simple control application is shown in Figure 2.2. In this system the first relay on the left is used as normally closed, and will allow current to flow until a voltage is applied to the input A. The second relay is normally open and will not allow current to flow until a voltage is applied to the input B. If current is flowing through the first two relays then current will flow through the coil in the third relay, and close the switch for output C. This circuit would normally be drawn in the ladder logic form. This can be read logically as C will be on if A is off and B is on. 

The example in Figure 2.2 does not show the entire control system, but only the logic. When we consider a PLC there are inputs, outputs, and the logic. Figure 2.3 shows a more complete representation of the PLC. Here there are two inputs from push buttons. We can imagine the inputs as activating 24V DC relay coils in the PLC. This in turn drives an output relay that switches 115V AC, that will turn on a light. Note, in actual PLCs inputs are never relays, but outputs are often relays. The ladder logic in the PLC is actually a computer program that the user can enter and change. Notice that both of the input push buttons are normally open, but the ladder logic inside the PLC has one normally open contact, and one normally closed contact. Do not think that the ladder logic in the PLC needs to match the inputs or outputs. Many beginners will get caught trying to make the ladder logic match the input types. 

Many relays also have multiple outputs (throws) and this allows an output relay to also be an input simultaneously. The circuit shown in Figure 2.4 is an example of this, it is called a seal in circuit. In this circuit the current can flow through either branch of the circuit, through the contacts labelled A or B. The input B will only be on when the output B is on. If B is off, and A is energized, then B will turn on. If B turns on then the input B will turn on, and keep output B on even if input A goes off. After B is turned on the output B will not turn off. 

  

Infrared Flame Sensor Switch

the infrared detector switch is a very sensitive circuit that can be use to detect the presence of a flame, match, or a heat source, such as an iron or soldering iron. up to 3 feet away an then activate a relay. the heart of the infrared flame detector circuit is two tiny thermistor, as shown in figure 1.
a thermistor is a temperature sensitive resistor which changes its resistance as the temperature varies. glass bead or bulb thermistor are recommended for tis project.

schematic diagram for Infrared Flame sensor Switch

part list :

1. T1, T2 25K to 50K ohm thermistor

2. R1 33K ohm

3. R2 50K potensio

4. R3 1K ohm

5. R4 47 ohm

6. D1 1N4002

7. Q1 2n2222 

8. RY-1 SPDT 6 volt relay

9. U1 LM741

10. B1 9V battery

11. S1 SPDT toggle switch 

HEAT DETECTION

heat is transferred from one place to another in one of three ways; conduction, convection, and radiation. conduction is the proses of transferring heat from molecule to molecule in a substance.
convection is the process of transmitting heat by means of the movement of heated meter from one place to another. convention thus take a place in liquid and glasses. a room is heated by means of convection by circulating warm air through the the room. this bring us to radiation.
heat waves and light waves are of the same nature; they are both electromagnetic radiations thats differ only in wave length. heat waves near the radio portion of the spectrum are called the infrared.
in here we will construct an infrared flame detector, which can sense a match or flame up to 3 feet away. and learn how to construct a freeze alarm, an over temperature monitor, and an analog data logger for sending temperature data remotely.
more advance project include an LCD data thermometer, a night vision viewer, and an infrared motion detector.

ULTRASONIC Listener

whit this ultrasonic listener receiver you will be able to hear sound that are too high frequency to be heard by human ears, such as glass breaking and electric arcing. this project will enable you to listen to a world of sound that few people even know exist.

The addition of a parabolic reflector further enhances the performance of this project. because ultrasonic frequency spectrum is beyond our hearing range, they can listened to only by indirect means, such as frequency heterodyning. frequency heterodyning is a method widely used in modern radio receiver.

in an ultrasonic receiver with frequency heterodyning, a local oscillator (LO) is used to generated square wave. the output of the LO is from 20 to 100KHz. the incoming signal (FI) is first pick up by an ultrasonic transducer and then amplified by a three stage amplifier. the input signal is then mix by a the mixer section to produce a sum (LO+FI) of the frequencies and a different of frequencies(LO-FI) at the mixer output. because the sum of frequency (LO+FI) is too high to be heard, it is filtered out. the difference of frequency (LO-FI) is just within the audio range of frequencies. therefore after amplification, it can be heard from a loudspeaker or headphones. a system block diagram is shown in figur 1.

Figure 1. Ultrasonic Listening Block Diagram

a special piezoelectric ultrasonic transducer acts as a microphone and it used to detect the high frequency ultrasound waves. whenever sound pressure is applied to the transducer, it will produce a small voltage at its output terminal. the frequency response of this transducer peaks around 40KHz but will work from 20 to 100KHZ. this weak signal from the transducer is passed to input pin 9 of the CD14069 integrated circuit (IC) at U1: a, a Hex inverter IC. this digital IC operates in the linear mode by connection feedback resistor R2,R3, and R5 from the inverters' output back to their inputs. the weak signal from the transducer goes through three stages of amplification at U1:d U2:e and U1:f the signal is then rectified and coupled to the mixer by C7. the schematic diagram of ultrasonic listener can be see at figure 2.

ultrasonic listener part list :

1. R1, R9 10K

2. R2,R3,R5 1 M

3. R4 100K

4. R6 470

5. R7,R8 470K

6. R10 10 ohm

7. VR1 10K

8. VR2 200K

9. D1,D2 1N4148

10. C1,C2,C7 0.01 uF 25V

11. C4,C11 20pF 25V

12. C5 200 uF

13. C6,C13 0.04uF

14. C3,C8, C9 0.022 uF

15. C10 100pF

16. C12 100uF

17. C14 10uF

18. C15 47uF

19. Cx 100pF

20. U1 CD4069 IC

21. U2 LM386 audio amplifier IC

22. Speaker 8ohm

23. BT 9V transistor radio battery

24. Y1 ultrasonic transducer 

Underwater Hydrophone

the hydrophone is an underwater listening device, microphone, or electroacoustic receiving tranducer, designed specially for continued use in salt or fresh water. it operated on water in much the same manner that an ordinary microphone operates in air. it convert audio sound waves in water into analog electrical signals, which which are then amplified by your audio amplifier to level where you can hear them. you can use this devices to listen to amplified sound, or you can tape record underwater sound of all types.

electronic Stethoscope

stethoscope are not useful only for doctor, but home mechanics, exterminators, spies, and other application. standard stethoscope provide no amplifications, which limit their use. our first exiting project uses the ubiquitous op amp to greatly amplify a standard stethoscope, and the circuit shown also incorporates a low pass filter to remove background noise.

the electronic stethoscope is a fun project with many applications. this project can serve many needs, including detecting noises, vibrations, and leaks by using tubing couple to the microphone. by changing the microphone configuration from a tube to a parabola, you could uses this project to eavesdrop on remote conversations, listen to distance bird or animal calls, or help you to track an animal in the woods.

schematic diagram for electronic stethoscope

part list :
1. R1             10K                              
2. R2,R3,R9  2.2K                            
3. R4             47K                              
4. R5,R6,R7  33K                              
5. R8              56 K                            
6. R10            47 K                            
7. R11            10K potensiometer      
8. R12            330K                            
9. R13            1K
10. R14          1.5 K
11. R15          3.9 ohm

12. C1 470uF 35V
13. C2,C3,C4 0.047 uF 35V
14. C5 0.05 uF
15. C6 10 uF
16. C7 0.01 uF
17. C8 220uF

18. D1 bicolor LED
19. S1,S2 SPDT
20. S3 DPST
21. J1,J2 1/8ich phone jack
22. M1 electret microphone
23. 8 ohm speaker
24. u1,u2,u3,u4, LM741 opamp
25. LM386 power Amplifier

Amplifying sound - the audio amplifier

A microphone and amplifier can be used outdoors to listen to the sound of birds, autos, train, and people.  by placing several microphone, many hundreds of feet away from a hunting shelter or blind , you could listen for game approaching from unobserved direction.

part list :
R1,R2 10Kohm,1,4 watt
R3 1K ohm
R4,R5, 100K ohm
R6 1M ohm potensiometer
C1,C3 1uF, 35 V
u1, TL084 opamp
M1 dinamic or electret microphone
S1, SPDT toggle switch
B1, 9V battery


The diagram shown illustrates a microphone pre-amplifier. this microphone pre-amplifier was designed for an electret microphone, and bias resistor R1 is used if you utilize an an electret microphone. if you choose a dynamic microphone, eliminate this resistor.

SOUND ENERGY

Sound energy is a very exiting starting point for exploring and observing natural phenomena around us. range of the humans hears are very limited range of audio spectrum, between 20Hz-15 KHz. in fact a whole range of audio exists both above and our range.

now we will explore the world of audiodible, ultrasonic, and infrasonic sound. we will investigate how to listen to high frequency sounds of animal and introduce how to sense, detect, and monitor sound.

here are planning of sound energy sensing element.
1. Amplifier sounds - the audio Amplifier.
2. electronic stetoscope.
3. underwater Hydrophone.
4. ultrasonic listener.

HOME

ELECTRICAL SENSING ELEMENT

1. Sound Energy
2. light detection and measurement
3. Heat detection
4. Liquid Sensing
5. Gas Sensing

schematic diagram power supply dual output, 12V & 5V

part list :

1. trafo CT
2. diode dual bridge, 2 pieces
3. capasitor 100 uF < 25 volt 4 pieces
4. capasitor 1000 uF <25V 2 pieces
5. LM7805
6. LM7812

note :
size of dioda can be appropriate from ampere of transformator

schematic diagram LCD 2x16

part list :

1. LCD 2 x 16 digit
2. transistor 8050 2 pieces
8550 2 pieces
3. resistor 1K, 680 4 pieces, 47 ohm.
4. capasitor 1u F

regrad.

iStat Nano

About iStat nano
An advanced system monitor in a tiny package. iStat nano is a stunning system monitor widget with beautifly animated menus and transitions.

View detailed stats about CPU usage, memory usage, hard drive space, bandwidth usage, temperatures, fan speeds, battery usage, uptime and the top 5 processes. iStat nano also shows your public IP address, which be can copied to your clipboard using one of the many keyboard shortcuts.

What’s New in this Version
- Improved temperature and fan support for both PPC and Intel based systems
- Various bug fixes

license : freeware
size : 859Kb
download here

regrad.

iStat Menus v.3.0.3

description:
iStat menus monitor your entire system right from your menu bar, with 8 separated and highly configurable menu extras. you'll always know exactly whats going on inside your mac. you will be able to view your CPU usage, memory usage, disk usage and activity, network monitor, percentage battery, temperatur of your mac, fan speed, bluetooth status, and more. all from the apple menubar.

new in this version:
added support for sensor monitoring on 2010 MacBook Pros's and Mac Mini.
added an optional moon pahases icon to the date and time extra.
added an optional transparent calendar icon to the date and time extra.
added an optional to hide UPS from the menu bar.
Improved stability.
Improved city searching.
fix bug with fan speed being reset to default.
fixed localizatiton with fuzzy clock
fix some installer bugs.
mono batery icons show in white when selected.


Operating system requirements.
Mac OSX 10.5 intel
Mac OSX 10.5 PPC

or higher.

you can download in here

or mirror

download here

regrads.